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It studies the history and distribution of diseases that affect the human skeleton. Infectious and metabolic diseases, injuries and dental diseases are population health indicators. Studying these data adds to our knowledge of the society’s approach towards the sick and the level of medical care provided. Aside from the macroscopic examination, the diagnosis is performed with modern medical imaging techniques, histological and genetic analyses.
They are caused by microorganisms, bacteria and viruses. Diseases such as tuberculosis, plague, Hansen’s disease and syphilis have co-existed with humans for thousands of years and have caused more deaths than wars and natural destructions.
Disorders in the calcium and phosphorus levels lead to bone deterioration. Rickets (vitamin D deficiency), scurvy (vitamin C deficiency), as well as osteoporosis belong to this category of diseases.
Injuries of the bones may be due to the way of living or physical violence. In both cases they are indicators of the individual’s conduct and the society’s structure.
By studying tooth deterioration, we draw useful conclusions about diet in ancient times. The percentage of dental caries and calculus (teeth tartar) in a population gives us information about the foods that were consumed.