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The facial reconstruction is based on the anatomy of the skull and the soft tissues, i.e. the muscles and the skin.
The shape, the position and dimensions of the nose, the mouth and the eyes are estimated through measurements in reference populations.
With the evolution of paleao-genetics, we are able to identify and re-create the colour of the eyes, the hair and the skin.
The information on the clothing and hairstyle comes from literary sources, sculptures and images, complementing the cultural elements to the reconstruction.
First, a digital model of the skull is created with three-dimensional or computed tomography scanning.
Using a 3D modeling software, soft tissue depth markers are placed at specific points or landmarks of the skull. Then the muscles, the skin and the facial features are added digitally.
In order to create a sculpted facial reconstruction, a cast is made of clay or a skull replica by 3D printing. Then, soft tissue depth markers are placed at specific points of the skull and the muscles, the skin and the facial features are sculpted using clay, resin or silicone.